Biogenic amines are organic nitrogen compounds derived from amino acids that play key roles in both physiological and pathological processes in living organisms. They are found in animals, plants, and microorganisms and can be either beneficial (as neurotransmitters and hormones) or harmful (as toxins or spoilage indicators in food).
Types of Biogenic Amines
Biogenic amines are commonly classified into two main groups:
1. Aliphatic Amines
- Putrescine
- Cadaverine
- These are often associated with the breakdown of amino acids during spoilage of protein-rich foods.
2. Aromatic and Heterocyclic Amines
- Histamine (from histidine)
- Tyramine (from tyrosine)
- Phenylethylamine (from phenylalanine)
- Serotonin (from tryptophan)
- Dopamine (from tyrosine)
- Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (from dopamine)
Biological Functions
- Neurotransmitters: Many biogenic amines (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) are central to brain function.
- Hormonal Regulation: They influence blood pressure, mood, sleep, appetite, and more.
- Immune Response: Histamine is involved in allergic responses.
- Growth and Cell Regulation: In plants and microbes, they can regulate growth and development.
Biogenic Amines in Food
- Common in fermented foods (cheese, wine, sausage, sauerkraut).
- Formed through microbial decarboxylation of amino acids.
- High levels can indicate spoilage or poor hygiene in food production.
Health Impacts of Excessive Intake
- Histamine poisoning (scombroid poisoning) from spoiled fish
- Hypertensive crisis from tyramine-rich foods in people taking MAO inhibitors
- Symptoms: headaches, nausea, palpitations, flushing
Detection and Control
- Detection methods: UPLC-MS/MS