Excess – Cushing’s Syndrome

• Cause: Excess cortisol (endogenous or exogenous).
• Symptoms: Central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, skin thinning, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, hypertension, diabetes, mood changes.

Deficiency – Addison’s Disease

• Cause: Primary adrenal insufficiency (low cortisol & often aldosterone).
• Symptoms: Fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, salt craving.

Excess – Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome)

• Cause: Aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia.
• Symptoms: Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, muscle cramps.

Deficiency – Hypoaldosteronism

• Cause: Often seen in Addison’s disease or diabetic nephropathy.
• Symptoms: Hyperkalemia, hypotension, salt wasting.

Excess – Hyperandrogenism

• In Females:
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
  • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
  • Androgen-secreting tumors
  • Symptoms: Hirsutism, acne, virilization, menstrual irregularities.
• In Males:
  • Early puberty in boys, aggressive behavior, excessive muscle mass (if exogenous).

Deficiency – Hypogonadism

• Cause: Testicular failure or pituitary dysfunction.
• Symptoms: Reduced libido, infertility, muscle loss, fatigue, erectile dysfunction, delayed puberty.

Excess – Estrogen Dominance

• Conditions:
  • Endometriosis
  • Estrogen-secreting tumors
  • Fibroids
  • Some forms of breast or endometrial cancer

Deficiency – Hypoestrogenism

• Conditions:
  • Menopause
  • Premature ovarian failure
  • Hypothalamic amenorrhea
• Symptoms: Hot flashes, vaginal dryness, osteoporosis, mood swings, infertility.

Low Progesterone

• Associated with:
  • Luteal phase defect (causing infertility)
  • Risk of miscarriage
  • Menstrual irregularities

High Progesterone

• Less commonly problematic alone, but can occur with:
  • Progesterone-secreting tumors
  • Certain phases of pregnancy or hormonal treatments